Stripped rhymes with:
outstripped, outstripped, tripped, crypt, dripped, encrypt, gripped, nondescript, outstripped, ripped, script, tripped
Stripped sounds like:
seadrift, starved, strapped, striped
outstripped, outstripped, tripped, crypt, dripped, encrypt, gripped, nondescript, outstripped, ripped, script, tripped
seadrift, starved, strapped, striped